The foundational origins of U.S. Bank are rooted in the turbulent economic conditions of the American Civil War. In 1863, the United States faced severe financial fragmentation, with thousands of unregulated state-chartered banks issuing disparate, depreciating paper banknotes. Recognizing that financing the Union war effort required a stable, uniform national currency and federally regulated banks, President Abraham Lincoln signed the National Currency Act into law. On July 13, 1863, a syndicate of prominent Cincinnati merchants and civic leaders led by banker John Ellis secured National Charter #24 for the First National Bank of Cincinnati. Operating from Third Street in Cincinnati, the institution backed Union army supply contracts, issued newly authorized United States National Banknotes, and anchored regional commerce along the Ohio River. Today, National Charter #24 remains the unbroken legal corporate charter under which U.S. Bank National Association operates. Meanwhile, 700 miles northwest in the fledgling river settlement of Minneapolis, local industrial pioneers incorporated the First National Bank of Minneapolis in 1864. In 1882, the bank attracted the investment and directorship of James J. Hill, 'The Empire Builder' who built the transcontinental Great Northern Railway. Hill understood that building a railroad to the Pacific required immense financial backing for grain elevators, timber yards, and international export credit. Hill's capital and conservative fiscal principles transformed the bank into the dominant financial institution of the Northern Plains. Over the subsequent century, these two historic institutions merged, weathered the Great Depression as First Bank System, joined with U.S. Bancorp of Oregon in 1997, and combined with Firstar Corporation in 2001 to create the modern U.S. Bancorp.