Markel makes money in three ways. First, Markel Insurance underwrites specialty property, casualty, professional liability, marine and other hard-to-place risks, earning underwriting profit when its combined ratio stays below 100% (94.6% in 2025). Second, the premiums it holds before claims are paid (float) are invested in bonds and a long-term public equity portfolio, producing net investment income and gains. Third, the group owns non-insurance businesses, reported as the Industrial, Financial and Consumer and Other segments, which add product, service and fee revenue. In 2025 Markel Insurance produced $9.35 billion of operating revenue, Industrial $3.93 billion, Consumer and Other $1.38 billion and Financial $737 million.