Valero's Diamond Green Diesel joint venture produces over 1 billion gallons of renewable diesel annually and generates D3 Renewable Identification Numbers and Low Carbon Fuel Standard credits that carry margins approaching 100%. That credit stream — a direct consequence of regulatory programs that Valero's management identified as a structural opportunity years before most competitors — now contributes billions to the company's annual earnings while sitting inside a corporation that also processes 3 million barrels per day of heavy, sour crude oil through conventional refining operations. The $139.5 billion in fiscal 2024 revenue was generated by 9,700 employees — approximately $14.4 million in revenue per employee, a ratio that reflects the capital intensity of refining rather than labor intensity. Valero's 15 refineries across the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean command a dominant 15% share of North American refining capacity, and the Nelson Complexity Index at those facilities — a measure of how much heavier, more difficult crude oil a refinery can process — is among the highest in the industry. High complexity means Valero can buy the cheapest, heaviest crude oils on the market — Venezuelan heavy blend, Canadian oil sands bitumen, Mexican Maya — and convert them into transportation fuels at margins that simpler refineries cannot access because they lack the processing capability. The structural discount that heavy, sour crudes trade at relative to light sweet crude compounds into hundreds of millions of dollars in input cost advantage annually. Revenue peaked at $176.4 billion in fiscal 2022 during the post-Ukraine war energy price spike, fell to $139.2 billion in fiscal 2023, and was essentially flat at $139.5 billion in fiscal 2024. The decline from peak reflects lower hydrocarbon prices rather than volume compression — Valero continued processing at near-full capacity through both years. Net income of $8.5 billion in fiscal 2024 demonstrates that the combination of refining margins and credit generation produces consistent earnings even when commodity prices fall from their peaks.