Bayer began as a dyestuffs manufacturer in 1863 and became one of Germany's defining life-sciences companies. The same breadth that once made Bayer resilient now creates complexity: drug development, consumer brands, and agricultural technology each require different capital cycles, regulation, and risk tolerance.
Bayer's business model combines regulated prescription medicines, over-the-counter consumer health brands, and agricultural inputs. Pharmaceuticals sells prescription products and earns licensing income; Consumer Health sells self-care brands through retail and pharmacy channels; Crop Science sells seeds, traits, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and digital agriculture solutions to growers and distributors.